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Design for behaviour change
Design for behaviour change is a sub-category of design, which is concerned with how design can shape, or be used to influence human behaviour.〔Lockton, D., Harrison, D., Stanton, N.A. (2010). The Design with Intent Method: a design tool for influencing user behaviour. ''Applied Ergonomics'', 41 (3), 382-392.〕〔Niedderer, K., Mackrill, J., Clune, S., Lockton, D., Ludden, G., Morris, A., Cain, R., Gardiner, E., Gutteridge, R., Evans, M., Hekkert, P. (2014). ''Creating Sustainable Innovation through Design for Behaviour Change: Full Project Report.'' University of Wolverhampton & Project Partners.〕 All approaches of design for behaviour change acknowledge that artefacts have an important influence on human behaviour and/or behavioural decisions. They strongly draw on theories of behavioural change, including the division into personal, behavioural and environmental characteristics as drivers for behaviour change.〔 Areas in which design for behaviour change has been most commonly applied include health and wellbeing, sustainability, safety and social context, as well as crime prevention.
== History ==
Design for behaviour change developed from work on design psychology (also: behavioural design) conducted by Don Norman in the 1980s.〔Norman, D. A. (1988). ''The psychology of everyday things.'' Cambridge: MIT Press.〕 Norman’s ‘psychology of everyday things’ introduced concepts from ecological psychology and human factors research to designers, such as affordances, constraint feedback and mapping. They have provided guiding principles with regard to user experience and the intuitive use of artefacts, although this work did not yet focus specifically on influencing behavioural change.
The models that followed Norman’s original approach became more explicit about influencing behaviour, such as emotion design〔Desmet, P.M.A., Hekkert, P. (2002). The basis of product emotions. In W. Green and P. Jordan (Eds.), ''Pleasure with Products, beyond usability.'' London: Taylor & Francis, 60-68.〕 and persuasive technology.〔Fogg, B.J. (2003). ''Persuasive Technology: Using Computers to Change What We Think and Do.'' Morgan Kaufman, San Francisco.〕 Perhaps since 2005, a greater number of theories have developed that explicitly address design for behaviour change. These include a diversity of theories, guidelines and toolkits for behaviour change (discussed below) covering the different domains of health, sustainability, safety, crime prevention and social design.
With the emergence of the notion of behaviour change, a much more explicit discussion has also begun about the deliberate influence of design although a review of this area from 2012〔Zachrisson, J. and Boks, C. (2012). Exploring behavioural psychology to support design for sustainable behaviour research. ''Journal of Design Research'', 10 (1/2): 50- 66.〕 has identified that a lack of common terminology, formalized research protocols and target behaviour selection are still key issues. Key issues are the situations in which design for behaviour change could or should be applied; whether its influence should be implicit or explicit, voluntary or prescriptive; and of the ethical consequences of one or the other.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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